What is HPV?
HPV is the human papillomavirus, also commonly referred to by the internationally used abbreviation HPV (human papillomavirus). It is a very common virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes. There are more than 200 types of HPV — some are low-risk, while others are high-risk types that may contribute to the development of precancerous changes and cancer.
Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and go away on their own over time. However, in some cases, the infection persists for a long time and may lead to serious health problems. That is why timely prevention, especially vaccination, is very important.
HPV symptoms and consequences
At first, HPV infection often goes unnoticed because it may not cause any symptoms. In some cases, low-risk HPV types cause genital warts. High-risk types, on the other hand, may contribute over time to precancerous changes and cancers in different parts of the body.
HPV may be associated with:
cervical cancer;
vaginal and vulvar cancer;
anal canal cancer;
penile cancer;
cancers of the mouth and throat;
genital warts.
HPV is one of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer, which is why vaccination and regular screening are essential parts of prevention.
How is HPV spread?
HPV is mainly spread through intimate contact, including sexual intercourse. A very large proportion of people — both women and men — come into contact with this virus at some point in their lives.
It is important to know that using condoms reduces the risk of infection, but does not fully protect against HPV, because the virus can also be transmitted through contact with areas of skin and mucous membranes not covered by a condom.
Why is the HPV vaccine important?
The HPV vaccine is an effective and safe way to reduce the risk of diseases caused by HPV, including several types of cancer and genital warts.
Vaccination is most effective before contact with the virus, which is why it is especially recommended for children and adolescents before the start of sexual activity. However, in some cases vaccination may also be beneficial later in life.
The HPV vaccine:
helps reduce the risk of cervical cancer;
also protects against other HPV-related cancers;
reduces the risk of genital warts;
helps reduce the spread of the virus in society.
When is the best time to get the HPV vaccine?
The best time for vaccination is before possible exposure to the virus — in childhood or early adolescence. The earlier vaccination is given according to recommendations, the greater its preventive value.
The vaccination schedule is determined by a doctor, taking into account the person’s age, health status, and other important factors.
Should only girls receive the HPV vaccine?
No. The HPV vaccine is important for both girls and boys.
People of both sexes can become infected with HPV, and this virus can also cause serious health problems in boys and men, including genital warts and several types of cancer. Vaccinating boys protects not only their own health, but also helps reduce the spread of the virus in society overall.
HPV vaccine for adults
In certain situations, HPV vaccination may also be beneficial for adults. It does not treat an existing HPV infection, but it can protect against types of the virus a person has not yet encountered. That is why vaccination may also be considered in adulthood after consultation with a doctor. A specialist will assess the potential benefit, age, health condition, and the most appropriate vaccination plan.
HPV vaccination in Latvia
In Latvia, state-funded HPV vaccination is available for certain population groups, and public awareness of the importance of this vaccine is gradually increasing. However, various prejudices and myths still exist in society, delaying timely decisions about vaccination.
It is important to remember that vaccination does not replace cervical cancer screening. Even after vaccination, women still need to participate in preventive screening examinations according to the national programme.
The most common myths about HPV
There are still many misconceptions in society about HPV and vaccination. Dispelling these myths is essential to promote awareness and timely prevention.
Myth: HPV affects only women
Fact: both women and men can become infected with HPV.Myth: If there are no symptoms, there is no infection
Fact: very often HPV causes no symptoms at first.Myth: A condom fully protects against HPV
Fact: it reduces the risk, but does not provide complete protection.Myth: The HPV vaccine affects fertility
Fact: there is no evidence that the HPV vaccine reduces fertility.Myth: Adults do not need vaccination
Fact: in some cases, vaccination may also be useful for adults.