Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, or FESS, is a minimally invasive surgical procedure performed through the nostrils using an endoscope — a thin optical instrument with a camera. The aim of the surgery is to open the natural drainage pathways of the paranasal sinuses, improve mucus drainage and air circulation, and reduce symptoms caused by chronic inflammation or polyps.
How is sinus surgery performed?
Sinus surgery is performed under general anaesthesia, under endoscopic camera control. The procedure is carried out endonasally — entirely “through the nose” — without external incisions on the face.
During the surgery:
pathologically altered mucosa is removed from the nasal cavity;
the natural openings of the paranasal sinuses are widened;
drainage of the paranasal sinuses is restored.
Depending on the course of the surgery, nasal packing may be placed at the end of the procedure in certain cases.
Duration: 1–2.5 hours, depending on the extent of the surgery.
Indications for sinus surgery:
sinus inflammation that does not respond to medication;
recurrent sinus infections or chronic sinus inflammation;
nasal polyposis;
formations in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Preparation for surgery:
consultation with an otolaryngologist, or ENT specialist;
computed tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses;
in some cases, specific preparation, such as a course of nasal spray or medication before surgery, as explained by the doctor during the consultation;
standard examinations required before any surgery under general anaesthesia, including blood tests, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram (ECG). The patient is informed in detail about the preparation process.
After surgery
After the surgery, the patient stays in hospital for one night. The following morning, nasal care is performed, the patient receives all necessary recommendations and is discharged from hospital.
Recovery is usually gradual. Many patients can return to work or daily activities after approximately one week, although complete healing may take longer.
During the postoperative period, mucus discharge from the nose mixed with blood is common. This may last for several weeks and gradually decreases over time.
Patients should expect to follow a rest regimen for one month after surgery, actively care for the nasal cavity at home and plan 2–4 postoperative visits with an ENT specialist. Detailed recommendations are provided individually to each patient.
The surgery is performed without external incisions on the face, so visible scars usually do not remain.
